The Afghanistan population living far from rivers relies upon groundwater delivered from karezes (sub-horizontal tunnels). Karezes exploit unconfined groundwater in alluvial fans recharged largely by snowmelt from the Hindu Kush, the central mountain range of the country. Since the multi-year drought that began in 1998, many karezes have stopped flowing. This study characterizes the hydraulics ...

Yerleşim yerlerinde mevcut bütün yaşam alanları fiziki çevreyi oluşturur. Bütün canlılar için sağlıklı temiz bir çevre ile mümkündür. Şehirlerde çevre, ortak mekânların tutulması ve tüm atık sular kanalizasyon şebekelerinin bulunmasına bağlıdır. Kentlerin ortaya çıkması birlikte kent idarecileri temizlik işlerinden sorumlu birimler sistemleri kurmaya başlamışlardır. Osmanlılar döneminde belediy...

the increasing rate of urbanization and rate of population growth over the 20th century has led to various problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of open and green spaces that have affected the cities and their citizen's life. this condition has led to increasing demands for more land use, homes, and work places, more public transport and mass transit systems and mode...

The increasing rate of urbanization and rate of population growth over the 20th century has led to various problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of open and green spaces that have affected the cities and their citizen's life. This condition has led to increasing demands for more land use, homes, and work places, more public transport and mass transit systems and modern in...

Uygurlar, Turfan ve Kumul gibi yüksek sıcaklıkların olduğu şehirlerde, suya erişmek modern teknolojinin bulunmadığı dönemlerde su sorununu çözmek için “karız” kariz adını verdikleri sulama sistemi ile yer altından suyu; kol gücü, ortak yaratıcılık işbirliği yerleşim yerlerine taşıma dağıtma yöntemini kullanmışlardır. Halkın geleneksel bilgi, deneyim coğrafyanın sunduğu malzemelerin birleşimi in...

In a wide range of the central boundaries of the Iranian plateau, encompassing an important part of the arid areas in Asia, the phenomenon of desertification is a long his tory. In this arid and waterless expanse, living conditions are fully dependent on access to water due to the supremacy of the Kavirs and deserts. The most important and oldest ways of obtaining water have been Qanat or Kariz...

introduction hornblende-bearing gabbroic rocks are quite common in subduction-related magmatic suites and considered to represent magmatic differentiation process in arc magmas (heliker, 1995; hickey-vargas et al., 1995; mandal and ray, 2012). the presence of hornblende as an important mineral phase in gabbroic rocks of subduction zone has been considered either as an early crystallizing minera...