The history of kidney and urologic disorders dates back to the dawn of civilization. Throughout history of medicine, urine, the first bodily fluid to be examined, has continuously been studied as a means of understanding inner bodily function. The purpose of this review was to appraise the contributions of the ancient Iranian physician pioneers in the field of kidney and urological disorders, a...

“Bazaar” is a Persian word from the language of Iranians of 2500 years ago which has entered the languages of other countries. “Bazaar”, the trading or marketing place with the architectural principles and concerns, was formed in Iran because of the long experience of marketing. This has become a valuable inheritance of Islamic ideological civilization and Iranian advanced architecture and a mo...

Iranian civilization is one of the oldest and most influential civilizations of history, and Iran as the origin of Persian civilization, has been ruled by numerous states throughout history. Some of them, while enjoying considerable glory and high level of economic and political power, have sometimes been declined and finally overthrown. Having these points in mind, the main questions are prese...

iranian civilization is one of the oldest and most influential civilizations of history, and iran as the origin of persian civilization, has been ruled by numerous states throughout history. some of them, while enjoying considerable glory and high level of economic and political power, have sometimes been declined and finally overthrown. having these points in mind, the main questions are prese...

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discussion about islamic culture and civilization and elements of its evolution and development is complex and needs comprehensive review. why and how islam emerged among arabs who in comparison with other nations had not enjoyed considerable background and civilization and could develop and unite them, is a basic issue and deserves a separate review. but the issue that development and evolutio...

We discuss a figured pin from Shahdad, previously well known but published with a partial and unsatisfactory drawing.  More detailed observations and a new, more realistic recording of this important artifact reconsider its stylistic and iconographic links with the imagery of the Halil Rud civilization and the eastern Iranian Plateau in general, and, at its opposite cultural poles, with Mesopot...

Despite the fact that Arabic and Persian languages ​​are derived from two different origins, they have had a very close interaction throughout historical periods due to continuous communication between Iranian Arab peoples, in this way, influence of ​​has created works. Has left each one other, which may not be seen any other languages. Unlike civilizations such as Egyptian civilization, forgot...