like many developed and developing societies, iran has experienced sharp fertility declineand reached below- replacement level fertility. as women have a major role in childbearing,their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior, and manystudies have focused on various aspects of women's autonomy and fertility. this paperexamines the relationship between wom...

In 1996, four provinces of Iran experienced below replacement level fertility. Since the early 1980s, these provinces have recorded lower fertility than the national level. How and under what condition has fertility declined to such a low level in these provinces? It may be of considerable interest to examine whether these provinces can be regarded as the leaders of the fertility transition in ...

In addition to significant political changes, Iran has experienced a multitude of demographic and economic changes during the last four decades (1976-2006). First, there have been somewhat dramatic changes in marriage and reproduction during this period, with a sharp lowering of fertility to replacement level, an expansion of a strong rural public health program that has increased child surviva...

This paper briefly reviews population policy changes and fertility trends over the last three decades, puts forward some possible explanations behind the fertility transition in Iran, and finally speculates about the future of fertility for the coming decades. Among the questions to be answered in this paper are: what are the recent changes of Iranian fertility? Will Iran follow the patterns ex...

in the last few decades, iran has experienced sharp fertility decline. studies indicate that women have a major role in childbearing; therefore, their empowerment and autonomy will lead to changes in their fertility behavior. this paper examines the relationship between family power structure and fertility behavior in the tehran city. the data is collected from around 400 women in tehran who ar...

Fertility has declined very markedly in the majority of developing countries over the past thirty to forty years, and it continues to decline almost everywhere. As a result, fertility has reached very low levels in many countries. In addition, currently more than 40 per cent of the world’s population lives in countries with total fertility levels lower than 2.1 children per woman, the level tha...

At the turn of the 20th century, according to estimations, the population of Iran was around 10 million. In 1933, it had increased to 13 million, in 1976, to 34 million and in 1986 to 49 million. By 1996, the Iranian population had reached 60 million, a more than six-fold increase within a century. The last three decades of the country’s history have been marked by major political changes, the ...

During the final decades of the 20th Century, the countries in Southern Europe now belonging to the European Union (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece) have experienced dramatic changes in all the demographic variables. Until the seventies, their mortality had been clearly worse than the European average, while nowadays their inhabitants enjoy a life expectancy ranking among the world’s highest,...