Innovation is the key to the economic development in today’s knowledge driven economy. World markets increasingly demand knowledge-intensive production and innovation-based competition. Iran still remains largely a natural-resource-based economy. To become competitive in today’s market it needs urgent shift towards a more knowledge-based economy which requires strong innovation system. This stu...

This paper examines the transformation of the Iranian economy through the Twentieth Century within a global context. At the start of that century, the Iranian economy had long remained stagnant, poor, and largely agrarian, with a marginal role in the world economy. By the turn of 21 century, Iran had transformed into a complex and relatively large economy with important consequences for the eco...

BACKGROUND Presuming that tobacco taxes, levied both as import duties and ad valorem, would financially benefit the Iranian Government, such the introduction of a highly desired US product to the market would be antithetical to the sanctions regime currently in place. METHODS This paper as a systematic review and documents through Pubmed and webs seeks to understand the politician economy imp...

Sanctions are one of the foreign policy instrument states taking its roots from depth history. This restricts activities utilized by or more international actors, upon any other actor -like certain institutions, individuals private companies a country- in order to achieve goals for making that change behaviour. These restrictive activites may be form political, economic, financial restrictions ...

the aim of the present study was to appraisal the prose and cone of shiraz city in terms of its potential in the context of health tourism.the statistical sample included medical and health tourism sector in the city of shiraz in the northwest of fars province, south of iran. the efficient authorities on the topic were identified through the hospitals engaging in medical tourism. the research w...

In this article, a single application is suggested to determine the position of vehicles using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Geographical Position Systems (GPS). The part of the article material included mapping three dimensional coordinates to two dimensional coordinates using UTM or LAMBERT geographical methods, and the algorithm of conversion of GPS information into GIS maps is ...

The aim of this research is to find monetary policy tools in usury free banking. We will review the ideas of Muslims in Iran and outside the Iran for this subject. In this work, we will explain the effects of monetary policies on economy. This article is about explanation of two subjects: In the first subject, reports about usury free banking and ways of absorbing granted facilities is presente...

Iran has had incremental incidence of traffic accident mortality since introduction of mechanization about a century ago. But the newest data from Iran show decrease in the absolute number of deaths, death per 10,000 vehicles and death per 100, 000 populations. Despite its huge impact on health and economy, research in the field of traffic crashes is still scant and there are still deficiencies...

The pastoral nomads of Iran, who had been able to achieve a “sustainable balance” between their environment and their economy throughout their history, are being held responsible for the degradation of the rangelands by the experts and state officials. The government of Iran has placed considerable resources into provision of advice and services to improve the natural resource status of Iranian...