in this study, an attempt has been made to expound the iranian law of intellectual property in relation to biotechnology. the most important themes studied are patents, industrial designs and trade marks. the latest relevant piece of legislation concerning the subject matters was passed in march 2008. however, the history of laws and regulations in this field goes back to early twentieth centur...

the exhaustion doctrine refers to one of the limits of intellectual property rights. once a product protected of ip right has been marketed either by the ip right owner or by others whit her consent, the ip right owner cannot prohibit the further commercialization (like the resale) of that product. thus , a critical element in determining that the owner of an ip right has exhausted her/his righ...

Various technical communities have developed alternative rights expression languages. It is expected that in the marketplace different rights expression languages will be used as determined by the business needs and constraints of content and service providers. From such market fragmentation arises the need to move content between different DRM schemes, and so there is a need to translate right...

Accompanying the growth of the knowledge sector in many economies is an increased interest in property rights for the knowledge being created by firms and individuals, that is, in the protection of those rights via Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). IPRs include patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and a number of more specialized instruments such as plant patents. Because these rig...

Part one of this paper considers the question of property rights in general and asks how such rights can be justified, contrasting Consequentialist with other approaches and concludes that it is impossible to avoid a broadly Consequentialist approach. Part two considers the question of intellectual property (IP) and asks how property rights justifications apply to it. The basic economics if IP ...