In this paper we introduce a formal approach to architectural design patterns based on an object-oriented model integrated with a process-oriented method for describing the patterns. The object-oriented model is based on the Abstract Data View (ADV) concept, which is a formal model for subjectivity in that it explicitly distinguishes between two kinds of objects, namely application objects and ...

the word salat is one of the most significant qur’anic words, which is used in various verses. the researchers have suggested various concepts for this word in their researches. however, since these suggestions were not scholarly well-grounded, the choice of the equivalents have somehow suffered disorder and inconsistency. there is also disagreement concerning the root of the word and its being...

In today’s systems, application are composed from various components that may be located on different machines. The components may have to collaborate in order to service a client request. More specifically, a client request to one component may trigger a request to another component. Moreover, to ensure fault-tolerance, components are generally replicated. This poses the problem of a replicate...