some moral propositions are self-evident and are used as basis for justifying theoretical ones in ethics. while this view has long been raised in islamic thought and explained in more detail by contemporary philosophers, the sort of their being self-evident is less explained and sometimes is subject to disagreement. the authors of the present article hold that at least two propositions of “just...

Suppose that that T is one of ten million tickets that have been sold in a fair lottery. Clearly the probability that T will lose is extremely high. Suppose that I know these facts. Suppose, too, that T will in fact lose. Given these assumptions, it is tempting to conclude that I can know P, the proposition that T will lose. Certainly the present authors are tempted to conclude this. In his bri...

The Logic of Partial Functions (LPF) is used to reason about propositions that include terms that can fail to denote values. This paper provides semantics for LPF. A Structural Operational Semantics (SOS) provides an intuitive introduction; this is followed by a denotational semantics where the space of denotations is relations which provide an intuitive model of undefined terms. Finally, we il...

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, contrary to the received wisdom, causal reasoning can be formalized wholly within the framework of Lewis’ conditional logic. To this aim we simulate causal reasoning based on structural equations in Lewis’ order semantics. This reduction is based on a formalization of an intuitive idea for computing relative similarity between worlds. Worlds are...

Recent studies on logical reasoning have suggested that people are intuitively aware of the logical validity of syllogisms or that they intuitively detect conflict between heuristic responses and logical norms via slight changes in their feelings. According to logical intuition studies, logically valid or heuristic logic no-conflict reasoning is fluently processed and induces positive feelings ...

Motivational attitudes play an important role in investigations into intelligent agents. One of the key problems of representing and reasoning about motivational attitudes is which propositions are the desirable ones. The answer based on classical logic is that the propositions that logically imply the goal are desirable and the others are not. We argue that this criterion is inadequate for the...

This paper examines the differences in ordinal rankings obtained from a pairwise comparison matrix using eigenvalue method and geometric mean method. First, we introduce several propositions on (dis)similarity of both concerning size its inconsistency expressed by Koczkodaj's index. Further on, examine relationship between Kendall's rank correlation coefficient τ Spearman's ρ. Apart theoretical...

At the heart of intuitionistic type theory lies an intuitive semantics called the “meaning explanations”; crucially, when meaning explanations are taken as definitive for type theory, the core notion is no longer “proof” but “verification”. We’ll explore how type theories of this sort arise naturally as enrichments of logical theories with further judgements, and contrast this with modern proof...