macular edema following diabetic retinopathy is one of the ocular complications associated with diabetes, and it is the leading cause of visual loss in the active young and middle aged population in developed countries. while all patients with diabetes particularly those with diabetic retinopathy are at increased risk of developing eye complications, early detection and timely intervention may ...

INTRODUCTION Although laser photocoagulation is the primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema, treatment of eyes with diffuse macular oedema has been disappointing. Intravitreal injection of steroids is being investigated for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema. Preliminary results indicate that steroid injections do improve macular oedema, but it is not clear if they improve visual ac...

PURPOSE To report a case of Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, arteriolar macroaneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN). syndrome in a young female. CASE REPORT A 21-year-old woman presented with unilateral visual acuity (VA) loss. Ophthalmological examination disclosed unilateral optic disc swelling, star-shaped macular exudation, multiple aneurysms surrounded by perivascular exudation, retinal vas...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe a combination treatment for choroidal neovascular (CNV) membrane, secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC). PATIENT AND METHODS A 44-year-old female patient was diagnosed with PIC complicated by the development of recurrent juxtafoveal neovascular membrane. The treatment included a sequence of monotherapy regimens: systemic steroid ther...

The authors report two cases of rebound phenomenon treated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease. Patients in the acute phase of VKH disease were treated with high-dose intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone (1 g/day) for 3 days. Serous retinal detachment decreased and visual acuity improved during IV steroid treatment. After switching to oral steroid trea...

Intravitreal corticosteroids in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis remain controversial. We utilized an experimental rabbit model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis (i) to calculate the intravitreal vancomycin concentration in rabbit eyes receiving intravitreal vancomycin alone or in combination with intravitreal dexamethasone and (ii) to determine wheth...

INTRODUCTION With the increasing use of intravitreal administration of corticosteroids in macular edema, steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) rise is becoming an emergent issue. However, for patients in whom intravitreal steroids are indicated, there are no specific recommendations for IOP monitoring and management after intravitreal administration of corticosteroids. METHOD An expert p...

For years, the standard of care for branch-retinal-vein-occlusion-associated macular edema was initial observation followed by grid-pattern laser photocoagulation for persistent edema. Newer pharmacologic options have revolutionized the management of branch-retinal-vein-occlusion-associated macular edema, and the visual outcomes of these eyes are better than ever. However, a variety of availabl...

Intravitreal triamcinolone is administered for a wide number of vitreoretinal conditions. Several complications including cataract formation, raised intraocular pressure, and endophthalmitis have been reported following intravitreal injections. We report a rare case wherein triamcinolone was inadvertently injected directly into the crystalline lens. A 41-year-old male presented to us with a his...

Steroids in susceptible individuals can cause a clinical condition similar to primary open-angle glaucoma. Five percent of the population are high steroid responders and develop an intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation of more than 15 mm Hg above baseline. IOP elevation may occur as early as 1 day to as late as 12 weeks after intravitreal triamcinolone in 20-65% of patients. On average, 75% of e...