objective: the use of bacterial plasmids carrying specific genes of pathogens as genetic vaccines is a relatively new technique for induction of cellular immune responses against microbial pathogens. mechanisms of production of specific immune responses against these vaccines are not still completely understood. therefore, it is necessary to examine various routes of inoculation to find the bes...

As earlier observations on peroral infectivity of WSSV in white-legged shrimp are conflicting, here, a standardized peroral intubation technique was used to examine (i) the role of the physical composition of the viral inoculum and (ii) the barrier function of the PM. In a first experiment, the infectivity of a WSSV stock was compared by determining the SID50 by intramuscular injection, peroral...

The efficacy of subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal inoculation of heartwater infective blood or nymph suspensions was tested in 5 experiments involving a total of 199 sheep. The success rate of subcutaneous injections varied greatly (0-100%) in the different groups. However, it was found that certain additives to the inoculum, such as dimethyl sulphoxide or uninfective brain tissue...

The influence of the route of infection, regime of inoculation and virus preparation on murine IgG subclass responses to the haemagglutinin of influenza A virus were examined. Virus preparations inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular and intranasal routes were found to induce different IgG subclass profiles after a primary and secondary dose. IgG2a was found to be a major...

Developing an effective anthrax vaccine that can induce a rapid and sustained immune response is a priority for the prevention of bioterrorism-associated anthrax infection. Here, we developed a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-based vaccine expressing the humanized protective antigen (Ad5-PAopt). A single intramuscular injection of Ad5-PAopt resulted in rapid and robust h...

Seropositive cotton rats cannot be immunized by intramuscular inoculation of live respiratory syncytial virus. Passively administered antiserum was shown to effect the immunosuppression. By contrast, the presence of serum antibody did not block immunization by the intranasal route.

Intramuscular inoculation of the monkey with a massive dose of Chlamydia agent particles resulted in the production of high levels of immunoglobulin M antibodies. These antibodies were broadly specific and reacted to high titers with heterologous antigens. Challenge inoculation of the same monkeys with heterologous Chlamydia agent particles resulted in the production of increased levels of immu...

A water-in-oil adjuvanted FMD vaccine was formulated and tested in weanling fattening pigs. Following inoculation by either the subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes, the vaccine induced a rapid onset of immunity demonstrable by challenge as early as 7 days post-inoculation. Duration of immunity following a single inoculation at the time of weaning provided protection against ch...

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a well-recognised pathotype that causes localised and systemic infections in avian species of all ages including eggs. To develop successful intervention strategies, a deep understanding of bacterial and host factors mediating crucial processes in pathogenesis is required. Such information can only be gathered through approaches that embrace infection...

The capacity of intramuscular (i.m.) inoculation of mice with homologous or heterologous host rotaviruses to induce protection from challenge was evaluated. i.m. inoculation with live, wild-type rotavirus (murine strain EDIM) induced complete protection from viral shedding after challenge for at least 6 weeks after inoculation; protection was correlated with production of virus-specific immunog...