Male hypogonadism is characterised by androgen deficiency and infertility. Hypogonadism can be caused by disorders at the hypothalamic or pituitary level (hypogonadotropic forms) or by testicular dysfunction (hypergonadotropic forms). Testosterone substitution is necessary in all hypogonadal patients, because androgen deficiency causes slight anemia, changes in coagulation parameters, decreased...

BACKGROUND To assess the role of transdermal opioids as a front-line approach to moderate to severe cancer pain. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed by two authors. An analysis of the level of evidence and risk/benefit ratio was performed for all of the selected trials. A combined analysis of the included studies to assess the level of evidence, risk/benefit ratio and ...

the application of low-frequency ultrasound for transdermal delivery of insulin is of particular public interest due to the increasing problem of diabetes. the purpose of this research was to develop an air ultrasonic ceramic transducer for transdermal insulin delivery and evaluate the possibility of applying a new portable and low-cost device for transdermal insulin delivery. twenty-four rats ...

OBJECTIVE To deliver 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in a relatively large dose through a transdermal route and facilitate the practical application of microemulison in transdermal drug delivery. METHODS The pseudo-ternary phase diagram for microemulsion regions was constructed using isopropyl myristate as oil phase, Labrasol(®) as surfactant, and Plurol(®) Oleique CC 497 as cosurfactant. A...

Transdermal medication delivery systems provide systemic therapy by passive diffusion through the skin. They offer an alternative route of medication administration and may be well suited for patients who are unable to take or retain oral medications. Granisetron transdermal system (Sancuso(R), ProStrakan, Inc.) is the first transdermal medication patch indicated for the prevention of nausea an...

Background: Due to its minimal systematic adverse effects, transdermal estrogen is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.The present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of transdermal estrogen on bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women.Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase...

the aim of the present study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of delivering nebivolol as a transdermal patch by iontophoresis. the passive and electrically assisted transdermal delivery of nebivolol hydrochloride by iontophoresis will improve the therapeutic efficacy and overcome the difficulties raised in oral drug delivery. because of its extensive hepatic metabolism and low dos...