this article is an attempt to survey the contraction and cancellation of the reuter’s agreement as a one-sided approach and from special perspective, by using minimalistic ideology and with emphasis on multi-sided and various reasons and factors effective in the process of this contract.  on the basis of this research, in this contraction, different factors came together and augmented one anoth...

Testing the Internal Validity of Compulsory School Reforms as Instrument for Years of Schooling In the large empirical literature that investigates the causal effects of education on outcomes such as health, wages and crime, it is customary to measure education with years of schooling, and to identify these effects using the exogenous variation provided by school reforms increasing compulsory e...

despite the serious confrontation of iranian seminaries and religious communities against a flood of western modernistic ideas and institutions, the modernistic tendencies increased in qom seminary, during the leadership of ayatollah boroujerdi. modernists often sought reforms in organization, educational programs and propagation system of seminaries and offered various reform projects to ayato...

In an era of economic crisis in Greece and with many uninsured citizens, the Troika (lenders of Greece) suggests reforms and promotes the internal market, resulting in a public-private system becoming more privatized. This article contradicts these proposals and attempts to suggest the necessary reforms to achieve equity of access for all and to promote efficiency, taking into account the exist...

Public administration has enormous implications for government’s capacity to cope with both internal and external pressure. China’s old-fashioned ruling style has not been able to meet the nation’s development needs. Since the early 1980s, China has launched six administrative reforms in order to solve the socioeconomic problems associated with rapid economic development. The ve completed refor...

People’s Republic of China has a long history of accounting and accounting reforms. This study focuses on “whether China should continue its IFRS-based domestic accounting standards or full convergence with the IFRS is more appropriate”? Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are applied to answer the research question of this work. Binary choice model has been used in the statistical ana...

In 1999, foreign direct investment in China was $40.4 billion, a sharp drop from the $45.6 billion of FDI in 1998. Government officials and economic analysts have voiced concerns about a further contraction of FDI and about the economic consequences associated with such a contraction. The substantial concessions—for example, over foreign equity holdings in the service sector—the Chinese governm...

BACKGROUND In the course of national studies of doctors' career choices and progression, we received spontaneous comments from respondents about job satisfaction and the National Health Service reforms. To assess whether such comments were representative, or whether they reflected minority views, we added questions to subsequent questionnaires to gauge systematically how doctors view their own ...