statement of problem: knowledge of internal anatomy of tooth plays an important role in a successful endodontics treatment. for a proper endodontic treatment, it is not only important to know the form of normal anatomy of tooth’s interior but one must also be acquainted with the possible diverse forms. purpose: a thorough understanding of the internal anatomy of human mandibular incisors (centr...

the success of endodontic therapy requires knowledge of the internal and external dental anatomy and its variations in presentation. this case report involves endodontic treatment of a traumatized maxillary central incisor with two separate roots.

introduction: the sensitivity of teaching and learning processes at universities highlights the necessity of assessment, which is followed by improvement of education quality and efficacy of education system in the country. this study was carried out to perform an internal evaluation of department of anatomy and cell biology at kermanshah university of medical sciences in 2015. methods: this cr...

Starting from the carotid trigone, a surgical approach to the parapharyngeal part of the internal carotid artery is described. The retrostyloidal part of the lateropharyngeal space is opened up from laterocaudal after resecting the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the styloidal muscles. Vulneration of the cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) has to be prevented.

PURPOSE To define the anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal on parasagittal CT scans of cadaveric specimens and to compare this anatomy with findings on in vivo T2-weighted two-dimensional fast spin-echo and three-dimensional turbo spin-echo MR images. METHODS Thirty-eight formalin-fixed cadaveric temporal bones were examined with 1-mm-thick contigu...