Failures in composite materials occur mainly due to interlaminar fracture, also called delamination, between laminates. This indicates that characterizing interlaminar fracture toughness is the most effective factor in the fracture of composite materials. This study reports investigation on mixed-mode interlaminar fracture behaviour in woven carbon fibre/polyetherimide (CF/PEI) thermoplastic co...

Determination of the local interlaminar stress distribution in a laminate with a bolt-filled hole is helpful for optimal bolted joint design, due to the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the stress field near the bolt hole. A new interlaminar stress distribution phenomenon induced by the bolt-head and clamp-up load, which occurs in a filled-hole composite laminate, is investigated. In order to e...

The interlaminar-toughened CFRP composite, T800H/3900-2, has interlaminar resin layers, whose thickness is about 20 mm. The interlaminar layer was evaluated quantitatively using an ultrasonic micro-spectrometer (UMSM) for the determination of the elastic constants, which is quite difficult by other techniques. At first, the composite was ground to remove the outermost CFRP layer, and the interl...

BACKGROUND Epidural injections are performed to manage lumbar central spinal stenosis pain utilizing caudal, interlaminar, and transforaminal approaches. The literature on the efficacy of epidural injections in managing lumbar central spinal stenosis pain is sparse; lacking multiple, high quality randomized trials with long-term follow-up. METHODS Two randomized controlled trials of the cauda...

in the traditional hole drilling method the in-plane stresses are studied in detail and the interlaminar stresses are not taken seriously. the interlaminar stresses on the free edge of composite materials are important and can cause matrix cracking and delamination. inserting holes in composite laminates causes free edges and it can induce interlaminar shear and normal stresses. in this researc...

BACKGROUND Interlaminar epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a well-established intervention to improve radicular leg pain. However, few studies have demonstrated the prognostic factors for interlaminar ESI. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical effectiveness and prognostic indicators of parasagittal interlaminar ESI during a 2-week follow-up. STUDY DESIGN Prospective evaluation. SETTING A...

Three characteristics distinguish the six layers of the adult tree shrew dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). First, interlaminar spaces divide the nucleus into cell layers. Second, input from the two eyes projects to the nucleus such that two layers (1 and 5) receive input from the ipsilateral retinal and four layers (2, 3, 4, and 6) receive input from the contralateral retina. Finally, di...

The ferret dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) contains interneurons within the interlaminar zones situated between the laminae corresponding to the ipsi- and contralateral eyes. We found that a subset of these neurons exhibits electrophysiological properties similar to those previously reported for perigeniculate (PGN) neurons, including the generation of rhythmic sequences of rebound low...

STUDY DESIGN Comparative assessment of randomized controlled trials of caudal and lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in chronic lumbar discogenic pain. OBJECTIVE To assess the comparative efficacy of caudal and lumbar interlaminar approaches of epidural injections in managing axial or discogenic low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Epidural injections are commonly performed utiliz...

Interlaminar fracture mechanics has proven useful for characterizing the onset of delaminations in composites and has been used with limited success primarily to investigate onset in fracture toughness specimens and laboratory size coupon type specimens. Future acceptance of the methodology by industry and certification authorities however, requires the successful demonstration of the methodolo...