the appearance of new sciences and conflicts arising from reductionism in domain of science and knowledge, explains the necessity of interdisciplinary studies. some scientists believe the history of interdisciplinary studies is rooted in ancient greece, but in fact interdisciplinary studies started in industrial laboratories, the first center for interdisciplinary studies, about 150 years ago. ...

objective: predoctoral dental implant education is included in dental school teaching curricula in most of the developed and some developing countries; however, it was not introduced into undergraduate curriculum of some countries and iranian dental schools. our purpose was to investigate the status of the predoctoral dental implant education of dental schools in the world. materials and method...

achievement an interdisciplinary study needs congruence between disciplines involved in ‎research. such studies are necessary to establish three species congruence.methodological, ‎linguistically and epistemological congruencies are three necessities that create integration in ‎interdisciplinary study. sample-based survey of part of interdisciplinary research in the field of ‎qur'anic stud...

Interdisciplinarity is necessitated by complexity, specifically by the structure and behavior of complex systems. The nature of complex systems provides a rationale for interdisciplinary study. An examination of complex systems yields new insights into the practice of interdisciplinary study and confirms widely accepted principles for the conduct of interdisciplinary inquiry. Complex systems al...

Batman has contributed more than its fair share to the 'darkness that hangs over contemporary culture like a picturesque pall. 'Dark' designates both a highly marketable aesthetic style and an ethical, or rather anti-ethical, stance, a kind of designer nihilism whose chief theoretical proposition is the denial of the possibility of the Good. Gotham, particularly as re-invented by Frank Miller i...

Recent articles on the nature and prospects of liberal learning in American higher education have increasingly called attention to the crucial role of interdisciplinary studies in any ideal vision of the Academy. This insistence 011 the need for understanding the relationships between and among disciplines seems to arise as much from practical considerations as from any traditional belief that ...