iran is one of the most energy-rich countries subsidizing energy carriers, especially in the agricultural sector, to the extent that the resulting growth is at the expense of the environment. this study tries to investigate the potential impacts of energy price reform on the agro-environment, based on the marginal abatement costs (macs) of emissions. firstly, the energy demand function of the a...

The feature map represented by the set of weight vectors of the basic SOM (Self-Organizing Map) provides a good approximation to the input space from which the sample vectors come. But the timedecreasing learning rate and neighborhood function of the basic SOM algorithm reduce its capability to adapt weights for a varied environment. In dealing with non-stationary input distributions and changi...

This study examined how Sri Lankan cooperative banks performed in changing markets and environmental conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed quarterly financial data for 103 rural (CRBs) between 2016 2020 to estimate technical efficiency total factor productivity (TFP) using input distance function with multiple outputs. The (TE) of CRBs declined from 99 85% over period differe...

There are several distance function definitions in a general production framework, including Data Envelopment Analysis, which can be used to describe the production technology and to define corresponding measures of technical efficiency notably the Shephard and the directional distance functions . This paper introduces a generalisation of the distance function concept based on the idea of minim...

This paper presents the results of an analysis that predicts the scale efficiency of individual farms and analyses the differences in scale efficiency over time and between farms. Representative farm account data for 1985–2006 are used, and the study applies stochastic frontier analysis using an input distance–function approach. The results show that pig farms have improved their input scale ef...