micrornas (mirnas) are small preserved non-coding rna molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3' utr of mrnas for translational repression or degradation. the rising evidence has established the significant role of mirnas within the regulation of immune system and the prevention of autoimmunity. mir-146a has obtained an importance as a modulator of d...

predators may adjust their foraging behavior according to herbivore induced plant volatiles innately or through learning. here, first we investigated whether the phytoseiid predatory mites, neoseiulus californicus and n. barkeri were innately able to respond to odors related to tetranychus urticae infested bean leaves. the naïve predator females were reared on washed t. urticae as prey on filte...

celiac disease (cd) is now considered a multiple and systemic immune-mediate disorder triggered by the ingestion of wheat gluten and related proteins. following the discovery of a link between gluten and cd, it was demonstrated that gliadin, one of the two principal protein groups comprising gluten, plays a key role in cd. it has since become clear that the different and crucial roles of gliadi...

natural killer (nk) cells are a subset of lymphocytes which play a crucial role in early innate immune response against infection and tumor transformation. furthermore, they secrete interferon-γ (ifn-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (tnf) prompting adaptive immu-nity. nk cells distinguish the unhealthy cells from the healthy ones through an array of cell-surface receptors. human nk cells use inhibi...

background: it has been suggested that malfunction of immune system may cause testicular cancer. recently, our understanding of innate immune system has been expanded, by discovery of “toll- like receptors” (tlrs). some studies have shown that polymorphisms of tlr2 and 4 can effect on the risk of cancer. also, the role of tlrs 3and 9 have been shown in apoptosis of cancer cells and metastasis i...

this study was conducted to determine the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (mos) on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp. four experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% mos were prepared. each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 14 g. after eight weeks, survival rate was high i...

Fish epidermal mucus contains innate immune components, secreted by globlet cells that provide the primary defence against different pathogenic microbes and act as a barrier between fish and its immediate niche. The major function of mucus includes entrapment and sloughing of microbes. The mucus also contains many factors such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lysozymes, lectins, proteases, etc...

auto-inflammatory syndromes are a new group of distinct hereditable disorders characterized by episodes of seemingly unprovoked inflammation (most commonly in skin, joints, gut, and eye), the absence of a high titer of auto-antibodies or auto-reactive t cells, and an inborn error of innate immunity. a narrative literature review was carried out of studies related to auto-inflammatory syndromes ...