In the last 50 years the shape of cities has changed dramatically. People have started to migrate from rural areas, attracted by the opportunities created by a more dynamic economy and by the apparent easier life within the cities. This trend has been observed in Europe during the whole 20th century, but has now considerably slowed down, to the benefit of smaller urban centres, which have grown...

AIM This paper presents qualitative data from an in-depth interview study of 40 repeat drink drivers in Perth Western Australia to inform countermeasures for these high risk offenders. BACKGROUND Licence sanctions are effective countermeasures for most drink drivers but the small group of repeat offenders are less responsive. Many choose to drive whilst unlicensed as the probability of detect...

Collective efficacy, defined as informal social controls that operate under social norms of trust, is an emerging theoretical concept that has been applied to explain violence rates in neighborhoods, affiliation with deviant peers, partner violence, and adolescent delinquency. This study employed a multilevel design to examine the association between collective efficacy at the class-level and i...

General definitions as well as rules of reasoning regarding control code production, distribution, deployment, and usage are described. The role of testing, trust, confidence and risk analysis is considered. A rationale for control code testing is sought and found, for the case of safety critical embedded control code.

Background: The informal caregivers of the patients with COVID-19, who are in direct contact with patients and Coronavirus, experience many psychological issues and are prone to illness anxiety disorder. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of virtual training of Benson relaxation technique on illness anxiety disorder in the informal caregivers of the patie...

Increasing attention is being given to the issue of desistance or cessation in adult criminal careers. We contribute to this research by considering how informal and formal social controls affect recidivism among 556 sex offenders placed on probation in 1992. We conduct an event history analysis of reoffense, based on the predictions of Sampson and Laub's and Gottfredson and Hirschi's control t...

introduction: problem statement: “sense of social belonging” is one of the human basic needs which is the outcome of social relationships and may have generally many impacts on social pathologies and specifically on local deviations. the aim of the present study is examining and identifying the relationship between municipality performance and citizenship commitments and sense of social belongi...