mood is, in general, a meaning concept that indicates the speaker’s point of view about a proposition. there are different modal elements in each language to embody a mood; in other words, different languages have variety of methods to express modal concepts. using verbal moods is one of these methods. verbal mood represents the morphology of a verb and can hence be considered as a grammatical ...

The goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the relation between two categories associated with the term “mood” in the linguistics literature. These two categories are verbal mood, the category most obviously including indicative and subjunctive, and sentence mood, the one which includes declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Verbal mood and sentence mood are certa...

A considerable amount of studies have been established on conditional reasoning supporting mental model theory of propositional reasoning. Mental model theory proposed by Johnson- larid and Byrne is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something occurs in the real world. Conditional reasoning as a kind of reasoning is the way to speak about possibilities or probabilities. The a...

BACKGROUND We report the results of two experiments that examine the mental representations underlying the comprehension and reasoning stages of negative exceptive conditionals requiring the subjunctive ('B a menos que A' and 'B a no ser que A' = 'B unless A') and the indicative mood ('B excepto si A' and 'B salvo si A' = 'B except if A'). METHOD A truth table task was employed to infer the m...

This paper develops an account of mood selection with attitude predicates in French. I start by examining the “contextual commitment” account of mood developed by Paul Portner and Aynat Rubinstein (P&R). I raise empirical and theoretical challenges for P&R’s analysis of contextual commitment and its role in P&R’s explanations of mood selection. There are indicativeselecting verbs that are felic...

In this section we consider the distribution of the subjunctive and the indicative moods in English complement clauses and argue that the observed patterns can mostly be explained on semantic grounds. Traditional grammarians have long noticed that the opposition between the indicative and the subjunctive mood is semantic, each grammatical form being suitable in a coherent class of contexts. For...

The study of grammatical mood has a long tradition in philology and linguistic semantics. Typologically, we find morphological distinctions such as indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative. Focussing on the subjunctive versus indicative contrast, traditional grammars typically identify the indicative with realis and the subjunctive with irrealis, and describe the contrast in terms of selec...

In this paper, we consider mood selection in embedded clauses by focusing on a German-based minority language, Cimbrian, which is spoken northern Italian enclave. Mood Cimbrian relies the presence of two different complementizers, az and ke (the latter being borrowed from Romance varieties), each selectively require specific mood. Az selects subjunctive modal sentences introduced non-factive ve...

Counterfactual conditionals are frequently used in language to express potentially valid reasoning from factually false suppositions. Counterfactuals provide two pieces of information: their literal meaning expresses a suppositional dependency between an antecedent (If the dice had been rigged…) and a consequent (… then the game would have been unfair). Their second, backgrounded meaning refers...