abstract al- muntazam by ibn al -jawzi is one of the greatest the book ancient book of texts on history of islam in the 6th century.it is very important one;because of including rare reports which are not found any where.in addition to historical reports,his outlook , in which embodies information on mythologies, milal wa nihal (sects and creeds), geography, and political, social and religiou...

The most famous works of those of far past time in the field of mutashabihat are the book Mutashabihat ul-Quran" by Abd al-Jabbar and " Mutashabihat ul-Quran wa Mukhtalafuh" by Ibn Shahr Ashub Mazandarani. Their definitions of muhkam and mutashabih are common and based on the need to understand the purpose of mutashaih verses, with the help of other arguments and reference to muhkamat. In the i...

With the expansion of territories, great amounts of Persian, Coptic, and Greek coins entered the Islamic countries. These coins were different in terms of weight, purity, images, and carvings. Some of the Khalifs and Muslim rulers made efforts to Arabicize and organize these coins. The peak of these actions was during the rule of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (65-86 A.H./684-705 AD). At this time, so...

Despite his obscurity, Abd al-Razzaq Kashani (b736 AH) is a philosopher and mystic who shines bright in the firmament of Islamic philosophy and Sufism. Being fully acquainted with the foundations of theoretical mysticism and Ibn al-Arabi’s school on the one hand, and delving deep into the ancient mystical heritage and mystical teachings of Abu Talib Maki, Khajeh Abdullah Ansari, Abu Abdul Rahma...