the need for simulation of human foot mechanism has made researchers and engineers move towards different patterns to describe this movement. in this regard, optimal solutions such as energy consumption, accuracy, etc. are of utmost importance. in this paper, efforts have been made to present a new solution by designing a fully two-dimensional six-bar mechanism with one degree of freedom so tha...

OBJECTIVES Mathematical models can be helpful to understand the complex dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus infection within a host. Most of work has studied the interactions of host responses and virus in the presence of active cytotoxic immune cells, which decay to zero when there is no virus. However, recent research highlights that cytotoxic immune cells can be inactive but never be de...

The extent to which glass-like kinetics govern dynamics in protein folding has been heavily debated. Here, we address the subject with an application of space-time perturbation theory to the dynamics of protein folding Markov state models. Borrowing techniques from the s-ensemble method, we argue that distinct active and inactive phases exist for protein folding dynamics, and that kinetics for ...

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major focus in functional genomics programs and drug development research, but their important potential as drug targets contrasts with the still limited data available concerning their activation mechanism. Here, we investigated the activation mechanism of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R). The three-dimensional structure of inactive CCK2R w...

In mammals, dosage compensation between male and female cells is achieved by inactivating one female X chromosome (Xi). Late replication of Xi was proposed to be involved in the maintenance of its silenced state. Here, we show a highly synchronous replication of the Xi within 1 to 2 h during early-mid S-phase by following DNA replication in living mammalian cells with green fluorescent protein-...