BACKGROUND The cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables the world over. The history of its dispersal to the Occident from its centre of origin, the Indian subcontinent, has been incorrectly understood for some time, due to the confusion of cucumbers with vegetable melons. Iconographic and literary evidence has shown that cucumber was absent in Roman times, ...

This paper is an attempt to distinguish and discuss the Iranian (as distinct from the Turkish, Arabic and Islamic) elements in the present pattern of kinship and marriage practice in Persia in their historical context. This will entail also a discussion of what can be known of the pre-Islamic Iranian system. Disciplines Anthropology | Social and Behavioral Sciences This journal article is avail...

Tracheostomy was first described by Greco-Roman physicians, including Paulus of Aegina. Medieval Islamic clinicians extended the Greco-Roman ideas with substantial contributions to the field of surgery, including tracheostomy. Although Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 CE) stated that he had not heard or read of any Islamic physicians having performed tracheostomy, there is evidence that many prominent Isla...

For theologians, to conceive of God in terms light has some undeniable advantages, allowing a middle-of-the road position between the two extremes thinking about purely disembodied, unfathomable, unsensible being, and crediting Him with body, possibly even human(oid) body. This paper first reviews reasons why God, early medieval Islam, was never fully theorized light. It then proceeds discuss l...

This book investigates the central role of reason in Islamic intellectual life. Despite widespread characterization of Islam as a system of belief based only on revelation, JohnWalbridge argues that rational methods, not fundamentalism, have characterized Islamic law, philosophy, theology, and education since the medieval period. His research demonstrates that this medieval Islamic rational tra...

BACKGROUND Over one hundred different pharmaceutical dosage forms have been recorded in literatures of Traditional Persian Medicine among which nasal forms are considerable. OBJECTIVES This study designed to derive the most often applied nasal dosage forms together with those brief clinical administrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study remaining pharmaceutical manuscripts of P...

in medieval islamic persia, mina was known as a general term for enameling on metal, glass and ceramic. consequently, in modern times mina’i is one of the most important types of islamic ceramic production and identified by stone paste body and multicolored polychrome over-glazes which represent figural, geometric and floral designs as well as calligraphic perform. additionally, mina’i wares ar...

Pharmacy is an ethical profession. The aim of this study was to investigate the history of pharmacy ethics in Iran. In the ancient Persia, medical and pharmaceutical ethics were related to religious rules, and everybody had to respect it. The ethical rules were similar to some current pharmacy ethics. During Islamic era, the pharmacy ethics were edited according to the Islamic rules. After intr...

Is Islam compatible with modern economic development? The poor development record of predominantly Muslim countries during the past century has led to claims that only a return to medieval Islamic institutions will produce economic growth in a manner that is compatible with Islamic culture. Using data from the thirteenth century Islamic Levant, this paper examines how one medieval Islamic insti...

Huntington's disease (HD) is thought to be due to genetically-programmed degeneration of neurons in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbances. It is along time since the disease started tormenting human beings, and to date, conventional medications have failed to slow down the progression of HD. ...