at the beginning of 20th century, psychology got a special status in contemporary criticism (or critical approaches) through the theories of freud and jung. literary works were being criticized by such approaches on the basis of the text sender (author or poet), after a while, with the rise of other psychological schools – such as gestalt- they started to be criticized on the basis of their inf...

focus of narration is the perspective on which the author or narrator looks at his story. analysis of “focus of narration” and narrative techniques get an important role to discover consistent and accurate narrative structure in fiction. the gerard genette¢s theory of “narrative focus” is one of the techniques through which one can understand the ability of an author to form and shape his work’...

1. introduction persian literary works with no apparent political themes have for long played an effective role in the political orientation of iranians. in fact, a great part of iranshahri political doctrine has found its way intothe literary works in the islamic era. these include the four firstchapters ofnizami’smakhzan al-asrar(the treasury of mysteries). a glimpse at nizamiganjavi’s biblio...

Fantastic literature is one of the most popular genres in the world. Due to its wide scope, literary theoreticians have put forth numerous theories to explain its various dimensions. On the other hand, many Persian literary texts make use of these features, but they have not been sufficiently investigated yet. In the field of mysticism, due to the connection with supernatural affairs, numerous ...

the purpose of this article is to identify the various mystical interpretations of horuf-e-moqatta’e (separated letters) in qur’an. ten mystical interpreters-the qur’an-al-azim, haghayegh-al-tafsir, lata’ef- al-esharat, kashf-al-asrar, ara’es-al-bayan, ta’vilat, rouh-al-bayan, manzum e safi, bayan-al-sa’adah- have been selected from several centuries and their explanations, after entries about ...