Altruism refers to a willingness to benefit others, even at one’s own expense. In contrast, selfishness refers to prioritizing one’s own interests with no consideration for others. However, even if an agent is selfish, he might nevertheless act as if he were altruistic out of selfish concerns triggered when his action is observed; that is, he might seek to feel pride in acting altruistically an...

We provide an extention of GU model that incorporates a decision maker who is averse to inequality of allocations among other agents. We also provide a detaled discussion on the experiments on dictator games with an exit option.

Placebos are allegedly used widely in general practice. Surveys reporting high level usage, however, have combined two categories, 'pure' and 'impure' placebos. The wide use of placebos is explained by the high level usage of impure placebos. In contrast, the prevalence of the use of pure placebos has been low. Traditional pure placebos are clinically ineffective treatments, whereas impure plac...

An impure public good is a commodity that combines public and private characteristics in fixed proportions. Green goods such as dolphin-friendly tuna or green electricity programs provide increasingly popular examples of impure public goods. We design an experiment to test how the presence of impure public goods affects pro-social behaviour. We set parameters, such that from a theoretical point...

Article history: Received 16 March 2016 Revised 10 August 2016 Accepted 10 August 2016 Available online 15 August 2016 How does information about agents' past violations influence people's expectations about their future actions? We examined this question, with a focus on the contrast between past harmful and past impure actions. Participants' judgments reflected two independent influences: act...

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common problem especially in young women that can have adverse effects on quality of life. Aim: to investigated the effect of pure and impure honey on severity of pain, amount of bleeding, and duration and interval of menstrual cycles in female students with primary dysmenorrhea Method: The current study was a single-blind crossover design which was carried out on ...

The Collatz Conjecture has been vexing mathematicians for over seventy years. It is the only mathematics problem that is comprehensible to a fourth-grader, yet has caused Paul Erdos to say, “Mathematics is not yet ready for such a problem.” This paper divides the integers into “pure” and “impure” numbers, where the “impure” numbers occur in the trajectories of smaller numbers. It develops an in...

Quotation marks are ambiguous, although the conventional rules that govern their different uses are similar in that they contain quantifications over quotable expressions. Pure uses are governed by a simple rule: by enclosing any expression within quotation marks one gets a singular term, the quotation, that stands for the enclosed expression. Impure uses are far less simple. In a series of use...

The possible significance of impurities in the chemotherapeutic action of penicillin was first suggested by Cornman (1944) and by Lewis (1944), who observed that impure but not pure penicillin possessed a selective lethal action against rat and mouse sarcoma cells. Dunham and Rake in 1945 demonstrated that impure penicillin exerted a definite effect on the motility of Treponema pallidum, wherea...