that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

This paper attempts to provide a systematic analysis on the effects of industrial policy in postwar Japan. Among the various types of Japanese industrial policy, this paper focuses on the removal of de facto import quotas through the foreign exchange allocation system. Analyzing a panel of 100 Japanese manufacturing industries in the 1960s, we find that the effects of the quota removal on produ...

For many years the national alcohol policies of Nordic countries have been an important foundation for efforts to reduce per capita alcohol consumption and associated alcohol harm, including establishing production, import, and retail monopolies in four of the Nordic Countries, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, and Norway. The membership of Finland and Sweden as well as the economic treaty agreement of...

In this paper we compare and contrast the political viability of bilateral Free Trade Area (FTA) Agreements in the presence of tariffs and quotas. Assuming that the government maximizes a weighted sum of welfare and producer profits, we show that the political viability of FTAs varies according to whether trade restrictions take the form of tariffs or quotas. A key result is that whereas an FTA...

A collapse in international trade following the 2007-08 crisis has underscored many dangers of globalization and renewed interest in trade protectionism, one form of which is import quotas. The analysis of import quotas is predominantly based on a static model, which is unable to capture the fact that a quota is imposed over a period of time. This article develops a continuous-time model that i...