objectives the current study aimed to investigate the immunostimulatory effects of the aqueous extract of heracleum persicum on mouse peritoneal macrophages. background the immune system provides protection against infectious diseases that are caused by various microorganisms, in particular pathogenic fungi. utilization of herbal immunostimulants is one solution to improve the immunity of human...

Bacillus species, typically Bacillus subtilis, are being used as probiotics and mounting evidence indicates that Bacillus species are important for development of a robust gut-associated lymphoid system (GALT). We used a number of gut isolates of Bacillus incorporating three species, B. subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus flexus to evaluate the nature of interaction between spores and...

Antigen recognition alone is insufficient for the activation of adaptive immune responses mediated by conventional lymphocytes. Additional signals that indicate the origin of the antigen are also required. These signals are generally provided by the innate immune system upon recognition of conserved microbial structures by a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The Toll-like recepto...