b a ckground: scorpions stings are a health problem in many parts of the world. mesobuthus eupeus (buthidae) is the most prevalent species in the middle east and central asia. definition of toxicogenic and immunogenic characteris- tics of the venom is necessary to produce antidote. in this study, the noted properties of m. eupeus venom were eval- uated. m e t hods: venom was obtained by milking...

Lactococcosis disease incident caused by Lactococcus garvieae has been increased with increasing aquaculture productions and outbreaks of the disease have become a threat on farmed species. To prevent lactococcosis, inactivated vaccine has been used, however, it only provides protection when given by injection. Other than inactivated vaccine, various vaccines such as subunit vaccines c...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases worldwide with more than 100 million new infections per year. A lack of intense research over the last decades and increasing resistances to the recommended antibiotics call for a better understanding of gonococcal infection, fast diagnostics and therapeutic measures against N. gonorrhoeae. Therefore, the aim of th...

The immune activity of an antibody is directed against a specific region on its target antigen known as the epitope. Numerous immunodetection and immunotheraputics applications are based on the ability of antibodies to recognize epitopes. The detection of immunogenic regions is often an essential step in these applications. The experimental approaches used for detecting immunogenic regions are ...

A novel application for non-thermal plasma is the induction of immunogenic cancer cell death for cancer immunotherapy. Cells undergoing immunogenic death emit danger signals which facilitate anti-tumor immune responses. Although pathways leading to immunogenic cell death are not fully understood; oxidative stress is considered to be part of the underlying mechanism. Here; we studied the interac...

Youmans, Anne S. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Guy P. Youmans. Nature of the labile immunogenic substance in the particulate fraction isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 88:1030-1037. 1964.-Deoxyribonuclease had no effect on the immunogenic activity of the labile particulate fraction isolated from ruptured viable cells of the H37Ra strain of My...

Immunogenic cell death is characterized by the early surface exposure of chaperones including calreticulin and HSPs, which affect dendritic cell (DC) maturation and the uptake and presentation of tumor antigens. It has also been shown that it is characterized by the late release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which acts through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and augments the presentation of...

Estimating effective doses of novel HIV vaccines is challenging. Dose-response analyses of DNA and fowlpox virus HIV vaccines showed that 1 mg of DNA vaccine and 5 x 10(7)pfu of fowlpox virus booster was immunogenic in macaques. However, this dose was poorly immunogenic in humans. When adjusted for body surface area, the human dose studied was equivalent to a poorly immunogenic lower dose in mo...