-the term “ta’ziyeh” refers to an iranian dramatic genre which might be compared to the western passion play and is the only indigenous drama of the entire islamic world. this ritual drama has both an islamic and a persian heritage, the central theme of which is the tragic and heroic martyrdom of imam husayn, the grandson of the prophet mohammed and the third imam of shi’ite in the desert of ka...

it is presumed by certain historians and biographers that imam husayn left mecca for iraq changing his intention of hajj or major pilgrimage into a minor one. this is the dominant view among them. studying this issue, the present article deals with the traditions relevant to the subject in hadith collections. a thorough examination of historical accounts and reliance on authentic traditions lea...

The presence of Shii communities in Europe is increasingly felt, especially as they establish independent religious and social infrastructures. Supporters different Shii–Islamist political parties have established transnational links connecting diasporic with their countries origin. These shaped been by religious, dynamics the Middle East. This article examines how lamentation poetry performed ...

Millions of pilgrims and visitors from numerous parts the world flock to Karbala (one most prominent ideological religious places in central Iraq) each year visit holy shrines due their sanctity. Many improvements have been made Two Holy Shrines (THS), Imam Husayn Abbas, area between them (ATHS), high temperatures this region improve pedestrian thermal comfort. Studies on improving outdoor comf...

the imams of ahl al-bayt (‘a) have applied three methods in dealing with rulers as follows: taqiyyah (assimilation), armed struggle, and occultation. they have applied taqiyyah for keeping the unity among muslims and their followers. this does not mean that they have kept silent and did not care about muslims, rather they had active role in social life. an example of this active role is the ima...

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of epoxy resins based on (hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (EFN) and p,p’-isopropylidenebisphenol (EBN), respectively and 4, 4’(hexafluoroisopropylidene)dipthalic-imideamine (IMAM), a curing agent. The synthesized epoxy resins and IMAM curing agent were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (...