Objectives: Hypertonicity is a major problem in children with cerebral palsy that has not been explained effectively to address clinical decision making. Therefore, this article aims to provide a theoretical framework about hypertonicity for clinicians, rehabilitation and medical practitioners to be used in their practice. Methods: Literature was reviewed to examine the new perspectives towa...

Hypertonicity is the most common type of cerebral palsy consists of 85% of the affected children. It has a very complex nature making intervention and management very difficult. This article tries to make reader familiar with various types of intervention and introduce a new intervention process to help clinicians decide better. Literature was reviewed with two criteria including: identifying v...

objectives: hypertonicity is a major problem in children with cerebral palsy that has not been explained effectively to address clinical decision making. therefore, this article aims to provide a theoretical framework about hypertonicity for clinicians, rehabilitation and medical practitioners to be used in their practice. methods: literature was reviewed to examine the new perspectives towards...

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channel plays a critical role for water reabsorption in the urinary concentrating mechanism. AQP1 expression in renal cells is upregulated by hypertonicity, but not urea, suggesting the requirement of an osmotic gradient. To investigate whether AQP1 expression is regulated by apical and/or basolateral hypertonicity, murine renal medullary mIMCD-K2 cells grown on permeab...

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and hypertonicity in the renal medulla play a major role in the urine concentration mechanism. Previously, we showed that rat vasopressin V2 receptor (rV2R) promoter activity was increased by vasopressin V2R stimulation and decreased by vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) stimulation in a LLC-PK1 cell line stably expressing rat V1aR (LLC-PK1/rV1aR). In the present study, ...

The unique phenotype of renal medullary cells allows them to survive and functionally adapt to changes of interstitial osmolality/tonicity. We investigated the effects of acute hypertonic challenge on AQP2 (aquaporin-2) water channel trafficking. In the absence of vasopressin, hypertonicity alone induced rapid (<10 min) plasma membrane accumulation of AQP2 in rat kidney collecting duct principa...

hypertonicity is the most common type of cerebral palsy consists of 85% of the affected children. it has a very complex nature making intervention and management very difficult. this article tries to make reader familiar with various types of intervention and introduce a new intervention process to help clinicians decide better. literature was reviewed with two criteria including: identifying v...

When exposed to hypertonic conditions, cells accumulate double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) like they are exposed to ionizing radiation. It has been proposed that inactivation of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex due to nuclear exit is responsible for the accumulation of DSBs as cells fail to repair DSBs produced during normal cellular activity. In this study, we examined the MRN complex in cells ...

The UT-A1 urea transporter plays a critical role in the production of concentrated urine. Both vasopressin and hypertonicity increase urea permeability in rat terminal inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCD). Each agonist independently increases UT-A1 phosphorylation and apical plasma membrane accumulation. Vasopressin activates PKA and phosphorylates UT-A1 at serines 486 and 499. Hypertonicity...

We previously found that p53 upregulation by hypertonicity protected renal inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells from apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which p53 protects the cells. We now find that hypertonicity (NaCl added to a total of 500 mosmol) inhibits DNA replication and delays G(1)-S transition as concluded from analysis of cell cy...