Hyperparasitism is a normal behavior of parasitoids, which often happens among species. Conspecific hyperparasitism, such as some kinds of heteronomous hyperparasitic behaviors, has been only reported in some species belonging to Aphelinidae. In this article, the conspecific hyperparasitism of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Pteromalidae) is reported, with Drosophila puparia as hosts. Hosts were ex...

the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and co-inoculation of trichoderma species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) on growth, mycorrhization, population of trichoderma, and wilt disease severity in pigeon pea (cajanus cajan l millsp). three species of trichoderma, namely, t. harzianum (th), t. virens (tr), and t. viride (tv) and consortium of amf (myc; mixture...

We investigated the biocontrol activity of A. pullulans Dmg 30 DEP against Alternaria solani causal agent early blight. Biocontrol was tested by in vivo and ad planta. were investigating antibiosis capabilities with dual culture method, paper dish assay, two-compartment petri trapping identification volatile organic compounds (VOCs) GC-MS. Lysis examined observing clear zone formed growing yeas...

All organisms engage in parasitic relations, as either parasites or hosts. Some species may even play both roles simultaneously. Among flowering plants, the most widespread form of parasitism is characterized by development an intrusive organ called haustorium, which absorbs water and nutrients from host. Despite this functionally unifying feature haustoria are not homologous structures; they h...

We investigated intraguild interactions between two egg parasitoids of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), as the former has the potential to be a facultative hyperparasitoid of the latter. We assessed the suitability of N. viridula eggs for the developme...

Many parasitic organisms have an ability to manipulate their hosts to increase their own fitness. In parasitoids, behavioral changes of mobile hosts to avoid or protect against predation and hyperparasitism have been intensively studied, but host manipulation by parasitoids associated with endophytic or immobile hosts has seldom been investigated. We examined the interactions between a gall ind...

In a study of the parasite fauna of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in northwest Spain, we found frequent mixed infection of branchial tissues by the myxosporidian Myxidium giardi (prevalence 95%) and by two monogeneans (Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and P. bini; joint prevalence 56%). All three species are common parasites in this host. In one of the 323 eels examined, hyperparasitism o...