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A previous report identified and classified a small family of gram-negative bacterial drug and heavy metal efflux permeases, now commonly referred to as the RND family (TC no. 2.6). We here show that this family is actually a ubiquitous superfamily with representation in all major kingdoms. We report phylogenetic analyses that define seven families within the RND superfamily as follows: (1) the...

The mixing Gibbs energy ∆gm for the flower-micelle phase of amphiphilic random and periodic (including alternating) copolymers was formulated on the basis of the lattice model. The formulated ∆gm predicts (1) the inverse proportionality of the aggregation number to the degree of polymerization of the copolymer, (2) the increase of the critical micelle concentration with decreasing the hydrophob...

The structure of the hydrophobe in alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) has a significant influence on the biodegradation pathways and biodegradation rates of these nonionic surfactants in bacterial inocula present in waste treatment plants. APE undergo initial microbial attack at the terminal part of the polyoxyethylene (POE) chain followed by a shortening of the POE chai...

Recent molecular-dynamics simulations have demonstrated that the use of an empirical hydrophobic potential displaying two minima, i.e., one for hydrophobes in close contact and one for hydrophobes separated by a hydration layer, leads to a marked improvement in protein structure prediction. This potential is supported by experimental data and simulations, but its physical origin and mathematica...

The Cover Feature illustrates the distribution of different components aqueous choline chloride solution around hydrophobe methane. hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules, cations, and ions are shown using light yellow dots. preferred orientations with respect to methane at distances from latter quantified in a 2D histogram. More information can be found Research Article by Rajarshi Chak...