in the past 25 years, rising of the caspian sea level, part of a natural treat to the sea, has inundated and destroyed many buildings and arable lands and threatened many inhabitations in coastal areas. the main reason for these damages is that the law-setback has lost its efficiency and human activities have proceeded seaward. the goal of this study is to introduce a proper setback line for th...

many studies since 1977, in the southern coast of caspian sea revealed that the law-setback and low-lying coastal zone have been severely and increasingly impacted by rising sea-level. this rising continued until 1995. the rate of rising was nearly 13cm per year in this period (1977-1995). the general concept of setback determination is tended to introduce a buffer area between human activities...

in the early years, the rising of the sea level, which is a part of natural treatment, destroyed many buildings, arable lands, residential and commercial areas. it seems that the main reason of these destructions is the diminishing of the legal setback efficiency and the proceeding of human activities. the aim of this study is to introduce the appropriate setback for southern coast of caspian s...

Large tracts of tropical rainforests are being converted into intensive agricultural lands. Such anthropogenic disturbances are known to reduce species turnover across horizontal distances. But it is not known if they can also reduce species turnover across vertical distances (elevation), which have steeper climatic differences. We measured turnover in birds across horizontal and vertical sampl...

BACKGROUND Recent studies designed to identify the mechanism by which retinal horizontal cells communicate with cones have implicated two processes. According to one account, horizontal cell hyperpolarization induces an increase in pH within the synaptic cleft that activates the calcium current (Ca(2+)-current) in cones, enhancing transmitter release. An alternative account suggests that horizo...

In the past 25 years, rising of the Caspian Sea level, part of a natural treat to the sea, has inundated and destroyed many buildings and arable lands and threatened many inhabitations in coastal areas. The main reason for these damages is that the law-setback has lost its efficiency and human activities have proceeded seaward. The goal of this study is to introduce a proper setback line for th...

Neuronal computations strongly depend on inhibitory interactions. One such example occurs at the first retinal synapse, where horizontal cells inhibit photoreceptors. This interaction generates the center/surround organization of bipolar cell receptive fields and is crucial for contrast enhancement. Despite its essential role in vision, the underlying synaptic mechanism has puzzled the neurosci...

We present an electro-optical apparatus capable of displaying a computer generated hologram (CGH) in real time. The CGH is calculated by a supercomputer, read from a fast frame buffer, and transmitted to a high-bandwidth acousto-optic modulator (AOM). Coherent light is modulated by the AOM and optically processed to produce a three-dimensional image with horizontal parallax.

the voltammetric behaviour of sulfadoxine (sdn) was studied at a glassy carbon electrode in 0.2 m phosphate buffer solutions using cyclic, differential-pulse (dpv) and square wave voltammetry (swv). the dependence of the current on ph, concentration, and scan rate was investigated to optimize the experimental conditions for the determination of sdn. the oxidation process was shown to be diffusi...