Holographic optical element has a high diffraction efficiency and a narrow-band frequency characteristic, and it has a characteristic that is able to implement several features in a single flat device. It is widely applied in various fields. In this chapter, the principle and characteristics of the holographic optical elements are described in detail, and few typical holographic optical element...

A polarization-selective holographic optical element with compact dimensions of 2.4mm X 1mm X 1mm (width X length X thickness) is proposed. The element includes three modules: a holographic polarizing beam-splitter, a holographic input coupler, and a dove-prism coupler so that a simple and dense optical pick-up head can be achieved. Polarization properties of holographic volume gratings are bri...

A 2×2 high contrast ratio optical switch composed of holographic optical switching elements is presented. This switch consists of two electro-optic halfwave plates, four layers of holographic gratings, two dielectric substrates, and one spacer. The contrast ratio can be higher than 54 dB. The contrast ratio improvement of this device is the same as a dilated optical switch. Key-words: Holograph...

Owing to the limited spatio-temporal resolution of display devices, dynamic holographic three-dimensional displays suffer from a critical trade-off between the display size and the visual angle. Here we show a projection-type holographic three-dimensional display, in which a digitally designed holographic optical element and a digital holographic projection technique are combined to increase bo...

This paper proposes a new method to design an optically-fabricated holographic element, where the construction optical system and the playback system can be optimized jointly. The method was driven by the use of a new holographic recording material – the photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass that can only be written at 325nm, while its playback takes place in the visible part of the spectrum. App...

Photopolymer materials are widely used in many holographic applications because of their advantages. This paper reviews the various holographic applications which either require the high index modulation including optical demultiplexer, color-display filter, and polarization-selective element, or need the stability and long life such as holographic memory and security card system.

A holographic optical element (HOE) is a kind of diffractive optical element. It can replace an optical system with multiple optical components such as lenses, mirrors, beamsplitters, and prisms. Thus, it is expected to be possible improve performance and reduce the number of optical parts of various optical systems, such as optical storage systems 1) like compact disk or digital versatile disk...

We present novel, to our knowledge, methods for the analytical design and recording of planar holographic optical elements in thick materials. The recording of each planar holographic element is done by interference of two aspherical waves that are derived from appropriately designed computer-generated holograms such that the element has the desired grating function for minimizing aberrations a...

The concatenable processes of a Petri net N can be characterized abstractly as the arrows of a symmetric monoidal category ~(N). However, this is only a partial axiomatization, since it is based on a concrete, ad hoe chosen, category of symmetries Sym N. In this paper we give a completely abstract characterization of the category of concatenable processes of N, thus yielding an axiomatic theory...

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