Introduction Historically controlled studies (HCSs) compare data from two or more separately conducted studies – the new treatment arm, usually prospectively collected, is compared to a control arm of retrospective data. HCSs are frequently undertaken in paediatric oncology (PO), where there is a widespread belief that RCTs cannot be performed in rare diseases. This is despite the potential bia...

MUSICIANS CAN CHOOSE BETWEEN VARIOUS “historicist” or “presentist” ways of performing works from the past. Music scholars who study early music sometimes are forced to make similar choices. If one thinks of corpus studies in music as an objective form of counting the “elements of music,” the question of what constitutes an “element” can involve similar historicist/presentist dilemmas. The artic...