The major obstacle in controlling malaria is the mosquito’s resistance to insecticides, including pyrethroids. mainly due over-expression of detoxification enzymes such as cytochromes. Insecticides tolerance can be reduced by inhibitors P450s involved insecticide detoxification. Here, design potential CYP6P3 inhibitors, a homology model enzyme was constructed using crystal structure retinoic ac...

Malaria parasites digest hemoglobin within a food vacuole to supply amino acids, releasing the toxic product heme. During the detoxification, toxic free heme is converted into an insoluble crystalline form called hemozoin (Hz). Heme detoxification protein (HDP) in Plasmodium falciparum is one of the most potent of the hemozoin-producing enzymes. However, the reaction mechanisms of HDP are poorl...

The proinfammatory vasculotoxic effects of intravascular hemolysis are modulated by plasma hemoglobin and heme clearance via the haptoglobin/CD163 system and the hemopexin/CD91 system, respectively, and detoxification through the heme oxygenase/ferritin system. However, sudden or excessive hemolysis can overwhelm these protective systems leading to heme interacting with cells of the vasculature...

Malaria parasites use hemoglobin (Hb) as a major nutrient source in the intraerythrocytic stage, during which heme is converted to hemozoin (Hz). The formation of Hz is essential for parasite survival, but to date, the underlying mechanisms of Hb degradation and Hz formation are poorly understood. We report the presence of a ∼200-kDa protein complex in the food vacuole that is required for Hb d...

Cassia spectabilis is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants traditionally used to treat different diseases, including malaria. Quality a drug derived from also influenced by quality its raw materials. Thus, in order assure products made plants, it necessary standardize materials and following with antimalarial activity test. The aim this study was C. leaves evaluate activities ethyl acetate ex...

In mammalian cells, heme can be degraded by heme-oxygenases (HO). Heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is known to be the heme inducible isoform, whereas heme-oxygenase 2 (HO-2) is the constitutive enzyme. Here we investigated the presence of HO during erythroid differentiation in human bone marrow erythroid precursors and K562 cells. HO-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were below limits of detection in...

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants, as a cofactor in multi-heme cytochromes and within iron-sulfur clusters. However, Fe can be toxic at high concentrations. Free cells disrupt the cell redox balance toward pro-oxidant state, generating oxidative stress. The focuses of this review were to elucidate detoxification strategies used by well describe excess effects on plant body its ...