introduction:  skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. however, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. this phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...

Introduction No matter which public topic you discuss or which personal aspect you worry about – you need reasons for your opinion and argumentation. Moreover, the ability of reasoning is responsible for your cognitive features of decision making and choosing among alternatives. Everyone of us uses these two abilities in everyday life to the utmost. Let us, therefore, consider the following sce...

1 of 2 DESCRIPTION A 87-year-old gentleman presented as an acute admission with abdominal distension and inability to open his bowels for the preceding 4 days. His co-morbidities included Down’s syndrome, moderate learning disabilities, osteoarthritis and hypertension. He was known to suffer from recurrent sigmoid volvulus which was extensively investigated. Colonoscopy did not reveal any intra...

Introduction:  Skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. However, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. This phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...

Treatment options for symptomatic subluxated or dislocated IOLs include observation; and repositioning, removal, or exchange of the IOL. We describe a surgical technique of trans-scleral suture fixation for subluxated bag-IOL complex. A 29 year old male; known case of bilateral recurrent tubercular panuveitis underwent left eye phacoemulsification with three piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL implan...

INTRODUCTION Spontaneous dislocation of intraocular lens with bag is rare. METHODS We report a case of a 56-year-old male who presented with spontaneous anterior dislocation of an in-the-bag intraocular lens 3 years after manual small incision cataract surgery. He had undergone manual small incision cataract surgery with foldable acrylic intraocular lens implantation, and 18 months after cata...

A 57-year-old male patient visited our clinic for decreased visual acuity in the right eye for 10 days. He denied any trauma history, but recalled that the symptom developed after straining. He had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the bag of the right eye 11 years ago. The IOL was a three-piece silicone polyimide-haptics de...

Methods The infant is starved for 4 hours prior to the scan and is then fed by his mother prior to the scan. He is then swaddled with 1 to 2 infant sheets before placed within a vacuum-bag immobilizer. As air is removed from the bag, the immobilizer becomes a rigid cradle that fits the infant’s body. We prioritize the sequences to target the area of importance first according to the purposes of...

developed when the groin wound started to leak copious amounts of straw-coloured fluid. He was alarmed and rang the treating hospital and was advised to attend the ward to be seen by his consultant. The consultant recommended that a drainage bag was fitted over the wound site. However, this leaked and several further attempts to cover the wound with a drainage bag failed so ward staff referred ...

............................................................................................................... iAcknowledgements ................................................................................................ iiiSummary of the thesis ............................................................................................. viiiReferences............................