Currently, many researchers have studied the hail cloud system from different aspects. Mainly including: the relationship between development of the thundercloud and the changing of meteorological elements; the analysis of the distribution character of hail spectrum; observation of the micro-structure of the hail cloud with the satellite and radar; distinguish the hail cloud from thundercloud w...

A climatology of severe hail (2 cm in diameter or larger) in Finland was constructed by collecting newspaper, storm-spotter, and eyewitness reports. The climatology covered the warm season (1 May–14 September) during the 77-yr period of 1930–2006. Altogether, 240 severe-hail cases were found. The maximum reported severe-hail size was mainly 4 cm in diameter or less (65% of the cases), with the ...

Hail causes billions of dollars in losses by damaging buildings, vehicles, and crops. Improving the spatial and temporal accuracy of hail forecasts would allow people to mitigate hail damage. We have developed an approach to forecasting hail that identifies potential hail storms in storm-scale numerical weather prediction models and matches them with observed hailstorms. Machine learning models...

4 A new index relating large hail occurrence to environmental parameters has been developed. Hail 5 events are defined as the total number of three-hourly periods in a month that experience one or 6 more instance of hail larger than one inch. The index is derived using Poisson regression between 7 hail events and monthly mean variables describing the large scale environment from the North 8 Ame...

Large hail is regularly observed in Belgium and The Netherlands and is sometimes the cause of severe damage on e.g. crops, greenhouses, roofs and cars. Most severe hail events occur in summer and are associated with intense thunderstorms producing large hail stones. Hail is a very local phenomenon, in time and space, which can not be easily detected with ground observational networks. Due to it...

Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of hail disaster risk for cotton is crucial in mitigating hail disaster and promoting the sustainability of cotton farming. Based on such indexes as hail disaster frequency, spatiotemporal exposure, and vulnerability of cotton, we assess hail disaster risk for cotton, and analyze its spatiotemporal pattern and evolution in Mainland China fro...

Different methods for hail detection are presented in the seminar. The presented methods use radar reflectivity measurements to determine the occurrence of hail. We compared observations made on meteorological stations, radar derived product developed by Faculty of mathematics and physics (FMF) and radar derived product VIL (Vertically integrated liquid). Comparison is performed for the period ...

Severe hail is a common event in the Southern Plains of the United States. However, few studies have been conducted to quantitatively answer the question: how much hail occurs at any given location? Given the coverage of WSR-88D radars over the Southern Plains and recent technological advancements including hail detection algorithms, a compilation of severe hail swaths was completed for the per...

One of Stan Changnon’s abiding interests is the frequency and pattern of large hail occurrence. Stan started publishing papers in AMS journals on the occurrence of large hail in 1966. After that initial effort, Stan has published 27 papers in AMS journals alone. When other journals, such as those of the AGU, Conference Preprints, and Technical Reports are added, Stan has an amazing record of do...