An enduring problem in electoral systems is that of "disproportionality," i.e., the mismatch between a party's percentage of the popular vote and its percentage of legislative seats. Such disproportionality is quite common and extreme cases are easy to find in the real word. To give just one example, the Liberal Party in Britain polled 13.8% of the national vote in 1979 but was rewarded with on...

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Possibly the single most important commitment of the Great Britain Historical GIS project under its funding from the New Opportunities Fund is the construction of a systematic historical gazetteer covering the administrative units of Great Britain over the last two centuries. This is important both as a reference resource in its own right and to tie together our diverse but always place-specifi...

Although the first censuses were the only practical means of surveying a nation’s population, the development of sample survey methodologies means censuses are increasingly justified by the specifically geographical detail they uniquely provide. The same is arguably true of historical census studies: a two per cent sample taken from many millions is quite sufficient to study national class or h...

In recent years the distribution of work in Britain has "hollowed out", with a growth in the proportions of both "work-rich" and" work-poor" households. The growth in twoand zero-earner couples evident in cross-sectional snapshots has different implications for the distribution of family income (in long and short terms) according to whether more people are experiencing episodes of a given lengt...

The term "custom" in English jurisprudence has been applied to such diverse bodies of law as public international law, the custom of Britain's constitution, the international law of merchants and even the common law itself.' The judicial doctrine of custom is more precise. It is the doctrine by which ancient customs practiced by a definite community in a distinct geographical locale, though con...

Immigration to the UK, particularly among more educated workers, has risen appreciably over the past 30 years and as such has raised labor supply. However studies of the impact of immigration have failed to find any significant effect on the wages of native-born workers in the UK. This is potentially puzzling since there is evidence that changes in the supply of educated natives have had signif...

1. A synthetic 3-([14C]valine)-labelled tetradecapeptide renin substrate was used to measure renin concentration. Renin liberated "4C-labelled angiotensin I, which was separated from the labelled substrate by paper chromatography. The conversion ofsubstrate into angiotensin I was quantitated by liquid-scintillation counting of radioactivity. 2. The rate of conversion of the substrate into angio...

Here is a comprehensive study of nearly 14,000 cases of births during the week beginning March 3rd, 1946. The enquiry was sponsored by the Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Population Investigation Committee, under the chairmanship of Professor James Young. Antenatal supervision, the places of confinement, and care during confinement, the relief of...