This study examines the possibility of evolving the grammar that Grammatical Evolution uses to specify the construction of a syntactically correct solution. As the grammar dictates the space of symbols that can be used in a solution, its evolution represents the evolution of the genetic code itself. Results provide evidence to show that the coevolution of grammar and genetic code with a solutio...

AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

This study examines the potential of Grammatical Evolution to uncover a series of useful rules which can assist in predicting corporate failure using information drawn from financial statements. A sample of 178 publically quoted, failed and non-failed US firms, drawn from the period 1991 to 2000 are used to train and test the model. The preliminary findings indicate that the methodology has muc...

An often-mentioned issue with Grammatical Evolution is that a small change in the genotype, through mutation or crossover, may completely change the meaning of all of the following genes. This paper analyses the crossover and mutation operations in GE, in particular examining the constructive or destructive nature of these operations when occurring at points throughout a genotype. The results w...

This study examines the utility of grammatical ephemeral random constants, and conducts an analysis of the preferences of evolutionary search when a number of different grammar based constant generation methods are provided with Grammatical Evolution. Three constant generation techniques are supplied, namely, grammatical ephemeral random constants, digit concatenation, and an expression based a...

We describe the use of grammars as an approach to automatic function definition in Grammatical Evolution. The automatic generation of functions allows the evolution of both the function and the code belonging to the main body of the program which has the ability to call upon the evolving function. As proof of concept we apply a grammar using automatic function definition to the Santa Fe ant tra...