objective: recent studies suggest that intermittent and prolonged normobaric hyperoxia (ho) results in ischemic tolerance to preventing ischemia brain injury. in this research attempts were made to see the changes in excitatory amio-acid transporter 3 (eaat3), tnf-α levels, and nf-κb activity following prolonged and intermittent nbho preconditioning. materials and methods: rats were divided i...

how to cite this article: ghanizadeh a, berk m. beta-lactam antibiotics as a possible novel therapy for managing epilepsy and autism, a case report and review of literature. iran j child neurol. 2015 winter;9(1):99-102. abstract autism is a disorder of unknown etiology. there are few fda approved medications for treating autism. co-occurring autism and epilepsy is common, and glutamate antagoni...

Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system which is involved in synaptic transmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Normally, the enzymatic destruction of glutamate does not occur in the synaptic and extracellular space, but glutamate is removed through specific transporter proteins, leading to stabilization of glut...

Abbreviations: AMPA: α-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole4-propionate; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; BDNF: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; CNS: Central Nervous System; EAAT: Excitatory Amino-Acid Transporter; FGF: Fibroblast Growth Factor; GDNF: Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; GLAST: Glutamate Aspartate Transporter; GLT-1: Glutamate Transporter-1; NO: Nitric Oxide; IL3: Interleukin-3; IL-6: ...

The goal of this study was to explore the effect of glutamate transporter density on spillover activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors at neighboring synapses by diffusion of glutamate in extracellular space following fast excitatory synaptic release at an active synapse. We used MCell, a Monte Carlo simulator of molecular signaling, to study the release of glutamate and diffusion in 3-D geometri...

Deactivation of glutamatergic signaling in the brain is mediated by glutamate uptake into glia and neurons by glutamate transporters. Glutamate transporters are sodium-dependent proteins that putatively rely indirectly on Na,K-ATPases to generate ion gradients that drive transmitter uptake. Based on anatomical colocalization, mutual sodium dependency, and the inhibitory effects of the Na,K-ATPa...

Glutamate transport is coupled to the co-transport of 3 Na(+) and 1 H(+) followed by the counter-transport of 1 K(+). In addition, glutamate and Na(+) binding to glutamate transporters generates an uncoupled anion conductance. The human glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) also allows significant passive and active water transport, which suggests that water pe...

A cDNA encoding a Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporter has been cloned from the brain of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. The cDNA encodes a transporter protein of 481 amino acids, designated DipEAAT1, which when expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells, resulted in a 40-50 fold increase in [(3)H]L-glutamate uptake. DipEAAT1 mRNA is expressed in the brain, as is the RNA encoding TrnEAA...

Glutamate uptake is crucial to terminate glutamate signaling and to prevent excitotoxicity. The present study describes the expression of functional glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in oligodendrocytes by means of electrophysiology, uptake assays, and immunocytochemistry. Inhibition of glutamate uptake, both in oligodendrocyte cultures and in isolated optic nerves, increases glutamate lev...