introduction: pharmacological blockage of glial activity has been proved useful for treatment of neuropathic pain by lowering proinflammatory cytokines. the present study is to confirm the effect of post-injury administration of pentoxifylline on chronic constriction injury (cci)-induced neuropathic pain symptoms_ and improved the efficacy of morphine anti-nociception. methods: male wistar rats...

Cover Illustration: The 3D reconstruction of super-resolution immunofluorescent confocal image shows that glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1; green)-labeled astrocytic processes enwrap neurons labeled by microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2, red; nuclei, blue) in primary mouse cortical glia-neuron mix culture. close proximity MAP2-GLT1 indicates the neuron-astrocyte interaction for maintaining hom...

Mutations in the Neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) gene are implicated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, but cellular Nlgn3 expression enteric nervous system remains to be characterised. We combined RNAScope situ hybridization immunofluorescence measure mRNA cholinergic VIP-expressing submucosal neurons, nitrergic calretinin-containing myenteric neurons glial cells both W...

Glia are essential components of nervous systems. However, genetic programs promoting glia development and regulating glia-neuron interactions have not been extensively explored. Here we describe transcriptional programs required for development and function of the C. elegans cephalic sheath (CEPsh) glia. We demonstrate ventral- and dorsal-restricted roles for the mls-2/Nkx/Hmx and vab-3/Pax6/P...

Glia, or glial cells, are considered a vital component of the nervous system, serving as an electrical insulator and protective barrier from interstitial (extracellular) media. Certain cells (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes) within CNS have been shown to directly affect neural functions, but these properties challenging study due difficulty involved with selectively-activating spe...

Abstract Mushroom bodies are known from annelids and arthropods were formerly assumed to argue for a close relationship of these two taxa. Since molecular phylogenies univocally show that both taxa belong different clades in the bilaterian tree, similarity must either result convergent evolution or transformation an ancestral mushroom body. Any morphological differences ultrastructure compositi...