the rapid progress of science and technology, including genetic research and technology has been led to new hopes in the treatment of some genetic conditions and diseases. but these developments have also raised ethical and societal concerns in different communities. certainly, medical genetics knowledge should be applied so, we have to maximize its benefits and minimize any harm. in recent dec...

the most modern techniques in biotechnology owe their existence to the discovery of dna cloning and the genetic manipulation of organisms. however biotechnology is not new science in fact, many applications represent old practices with new methodologies. human have been used organisms for their benefit in many processes for several thousand years. therefore, one way of thinking about biotechnol...

more than a decade ago, personalized medicine was presented in modern medicine. personalized medicine means that the right drug should be prescribed for the right patient based on genetic data. no doubt is developing medical sciences, and its shift into personalized medicine complicates ethical challenges more than before. in this review, we categorized all probable ethical considerations of pe...

A relatively new and controversial science has been causing waves in today’s society. This science is called genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of a gene or strain of DNA by using bioengineering. Animals or bacteria that undergo genetic engineering are called genetically modified organisms. Recently, genetic engineering has been expanded to humans. More specifically in...

In the past decade, the human genome has been completely sequenced and the knowledge from it has begun to influence the fields of biological and social sciences in fundamental ways. Identification of about 25000 genes in the human genome is expected to create great benefits in diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the coming years. However, Genetic technologies have also created many interesti...