samanidgovernment was established in the fourthcentury (ah) in the east of islamic caliphate, within a rich socio-cultural context. samanid dynasty needed to prove its rights and legitimacy because of its conflict with the political discourse of their rival governments. this had to be done by taking advantage of thevalues and conceptsembedded in the rational, cultural, and conceptual contextsan...

Watson (2003: 168) claims that ‘although increasing academic attention is being paid to business ethics, the ways in which ethical consideration come into activities and decisions of organizational managers have been examined in a very limited way’. This article contributes by suggesting an interesting way to study moral managerial decisions is studying these decisions in their discursive conte...

Carl Schmitt’s controversial 1922 Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty initiated a long-standing, lively, and oft misunderstood discourse at intersections religious studies, theology, political theory. theology as has seen something revival in recent decades, which raised genuine problems interpretation. These include questions what is stake how can be applied to econ...

Throughout his career, Michel Foucault sustained a trenchant critique of Jean-Paul Sartre, whom he accused of arguing that the subject “dispenses (all) significations”. In contrast to existentialism’s interests in subjective consciousness, Foucault pursues an archaeological method which he later develops into a genealogical approach to discourse that emphasizes the institutional practices and f...

Background: We introduce the software that calculates a new statistic that we call the genealogical sorting index, or gsi. This statistic quantifies the common ancestry of groups of individuals on a phylogenetic tree. The significance of an observed genealogical sorting index value is measured with permutation testing. Results: The algorithm for calculating the genealogical sorting index was wr...

Rapid sequential speciation events can outpace the fixation of genetic variants, resulting in a family tree that lacks clear branching patterns. A new study of bird genomes reveals such an explosive super-radiation that may coincide with the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period.