the phoneme /l/ is one of the phonemes of persian, which has different origins. a few of which is unknown. this article studies the historical change of /l/ phoneme and phonemes and clusters which are the origins of /l/, from proto indo- european to indo- iranian, old iranian and middle and new persian. in adition, the historical change of other phonems such as group of consonants , which are o...

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN is the traditional name given to the ancestor language of the Indo-European family that is spread from Iceland to Chinese Turkestan and from Scandinavia to the Near East. A PROTO-LANGUAGE (Gk. prõtos ‘first’) refers to the earliest form of a language family presupposed by all of its descendants. There will forever be major gaps in the reconstruction of proto-languages, but a...

This file provides additional information on the data and methods used in Fortunato (2011a, b), and discussion of the results of the fossilization of nodes Proto-Indo-Hittite (PIH) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) for marriage and residence strategies.

The article deals with the original Eastern Romance vocabulary recorded in dialects of Ukrainian language and its proto-forms, as well examines formation semantics borrowings from Proto-Indo- European period to present. To achieve goal, author compiles a corpus words presented dialects, determines their Indo- European, Italic Latin corrects those them indicated etymological literature, establis...

Proto-Indo-European Lexicon (PIE Lexicon) is the generative etymological dictionary of Indo-European languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is obtained by applying the comparative method, the output of which equals the Indo-European (IE) data. Due to this the Indo-European sound laws leading from PIE to IE, revised in Pyysalo 2013, can be coded using Finite-State Transducers...

A total 7 species and 13 genera of marine gastropod assemblages are reported for the first time from the Varehh Zard section (Asmari Formation), north of Pole Dokhtar, Lorestan Basin. The section under study, the Asmari Formation, lies between the Shahbazam Formation at the base and Gachsaran Formation at the top. According to the distribution of index foraminifera, the Asmari Formation is Earl...

a total 7 species and 13 genera of marine gastropod assemblages are reported for the first time from the varehh zard section (asmari formation), north of pole dokhtar, lorestan basin. the section under study, the asmari formation, lies between the shahbazam formation at the base and gachsaran formation at the top. according to the distribution of index foraminifera, the asmari formation is earl...

The English word "health" comes from the Old English word hale, meaning "wholeness, a state of being and feeling whole, sound or well" [1]. Hale comes from the Proto-Indo-European root "kailo", meaning "whole, uninjured, of good omen". Kailo comes from the Proto-Germanic root "khalbas", meaning "something (un)divided". [...].