searching efficiency and handling time are two major components of functional response and are usually used to evaluate effectiveness of natural enemies. the effect of different foraging periods on the functional response of larval aphidoletes aphidimyza (rondani) (dip.: cecidomyiidae) feeding on third instar nymphs of aphis craccivora was studied. the experiment was conducted in terms of time-...

in the deregulated power systems, transmission congestion is one of the significant and main problems of the electrical networks which can cause incremental cost in the energy. this problem has resulted to new challenging issues in different parts of power systems which there was not in the traditional systems or at least had very little importance. transmission congestion happens when the maxi...

Food webs, the networks of feeding links between species, are central to our understanding of ecosystem structure, stability, and function. One of the key aspects of food web structure is complexity, or connectance, the number of links expressed as a proportion of the total possible number of links. Connectance (complexity) is linked to the stability of webs and is a key parameter in recent mod...

Optimal foraging theory aims to elucidate strategies that maximize resource intake. Although traditionally used to understand animal foraging behavior, recent evolutionary experiments with viruses offer a new twist on an old idea.

The effects of temperature on ectotherm growth have been well documented. How temperature affects foraging behavior is less well explored, and has not been studied in larval mosquitoes. We hypothesized that temperature changes foraging behavior in the aquatic larval phase of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti L. Based on empirical results in other systems, we predicted that foraging effort would incre...

This study describes the foraging ecology of birds during summer and winter in two different types of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Avian foraging behavior is documented in two agroecosystems of differing management intensity, structurally similar but with different levels of floristic diversity, during summer and winter seasons. The distribution of tree species used by birds was mo...