The nuclear reaction models embedded in the FLUKA code cover hadron, ion, photon and neutrino induced nuclear interactions from energies as low as few tens of MeV up to several tens of TeV. A short description of the main physics ingredients in the FLUKA nuclear models is given, with emphasis on the intermediate energy range and on “exotic” reactions. The treatment of electromagnetic dissociati...

Nuclear effects in neutrino-nucleus reactions simulated by means of the NUX+FLUKA Monte Carlo generator are compared with the theoretical predictions of the Marteau model. Pion absorption in NUX+FLUKA and non-pionic ∆ decays in the Marteau model differ by about 30%. The fraction of pions produced due to the re-interactions after primary quasi-elastic vertex is in the NUX+FLUKA scheme much highe...

The main features of the FLUKA Monte Carlo code, which can deal with transport and interaction of electromagnetic and hadronic particles, are summarised. The physical models embedded in FLUKA are mentioned, as well as examples of benchmarking against experimental data. A short history of the code is provided and the following examples of applications are discussed in detail: prediction of calor...

background: in radiation therapy, water is the phantom material of choice, both for reference and for relative dosimetry measurements. solid phantoms, however, are more useful for routine measurements because they tend to be more robust and easier to set up than water phantoms. materials and methods: fluka input data cards have been arranged in sequential order. a simple cylindrical geometry wi...

Comparative toxicity studies using unconfounded exposures can prioritize the selection of sensitive sentinel test species and can refine methods for evaluating ecological risks of complex constituents like naphthenic acids (NAs), a group of problematic organic acids associated with crude oils and energy-derived waters. Unconfounded exposures of NAs can be prepared with relatively stable and rep...

All Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) protected amino acids, NovaSyn TG Sieber resin, and coupling reagents (HOBt, 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole, HATU, 1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate, and PyBOP, (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) were purchased from Novabiochem. All solvents, used in the synthesis and purif...

In this study, total crocin was extracted from saffron stigmas using crystallization method. Ethanol 80% was selected as the best extraction solvent. Crystallization process was carried out in one and two steps at different temperatures. Ethanol 80% was used as crystallization medium. Crocin crystals obtained from the first crystallization had low purity and thus were subjected to the second cr...

This paper discusses an intercomparison campaign performed in the mixed radiation field at the CERN-EU (CERF) reference field facility. Various instruments were employed: conventional and extended-range rem counters including a novel instrument called LUPIN, a bubble detector using an active counting system (ABC 1260) and two tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPCs). The results show tha...

Kaolinite particles from two different sources (Fluka and Clay Minerals Society (CMS)) were examined with respect to their ability to act as ice nuclei (IN). This was done in the water-subsaturated regime where often deposition ice nucleation is assumed to occur, and for watersupersaturated conditions, i.e., in the immersion freezing mode. Measurements were done using a flow tube (the Leipzig A...