This paper proposes a novel optimization algorithm inspired by water flowing and shaking behaviors in a vessel. Water drops in our algorithm flow to the gradient descent direction and are sometimes shaken for getting out of local optimum areas when most water drops fall in local optimum areas. These flowing and shaking operations allow our algorithm to quickly approach to the global optimum wit...

a Department of Public Health and the Environment, World Health Organization, 20 avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Correspondence to Jamie Bartram (e-mail: [email protected]). doi:10.2471/BLT.07.049619 Despite long-standing evidence that water sanitation and hygiene are fundamental to health, health institutions have become distanced from water and sanitation since the 1970s. In develop...

To understand the hemodynamics of the microcirculation, we compared the resistance of vessels that either had an enlarged cross-sectional area in the midsection (denoted vessel 1) or had a uniform diameter (denoted vessel 2). The length of the two vessels and the pressure difference between the ends were equal. The two vessels were filled with water, and the volume of water flowing through the ...

application of outflow water from treatment plants for irrigation as a non-usual water resource is being developed due to the lack of usual water resources in iran. activated carbon as a conditioner in water treatment procedures causes undesired changes in hydraulic properties of porous media and soil degradation. in this paper, the effects of activated carbon concentration on hydrodynamic prop...

Biofilms are complex aggregates formed by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae, which grow at the interfaces between water and natural or artificial materials. They are actively involved in processes of sorption and desorption of metal ions in water and reflect the environmental conditions in the recent past. Therefore, biofilms can be used as bioindicators of water quality. The goa...