Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, is used by 8 to 33% of patients to self-treat chronic viral hepatitis C in the United States. Studies in humans and rodents suggest that biliary excretion of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates is the major route for silymarin's elimination. To determine the role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) (Abcc2) in the biliary excre...

Silybin A (1), silybin B (2), and isosilybin A (3), three of the seven flavonolignans that constitute silymarin, an extract of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), were detected for the first time from a fungal endophyte, Aspergillus iizukae, isolated from the surface-sterilized leaves of S. marianum. The flavonolignans were identified using a UPLC-PDA-HRMS-MS/MS method by matching re...

Silymarin production by hairy root culture of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn) was investigated using Agrobacterium rhizogenes AR15834. Hairy roots were induced by injection or inoculation of explants with A. rhizogenes. One month old hairy roots were dissected from the explants and grown in Murashing and Skoog (MS) liquid medium. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using the B gene and th...

The effect of coniferyl alcohol as a precursor of flavonolignan biosynthesis on silymarin components production in Silybum marianum suspension culture was studied. Coniferyl alcohol showed the changes in silymarin complex production. Silydianin was detected mainly in the control samples of cultivated cells. A significant increase of silydianin was observed only after 72 h of the application of ...

The standardized extract contains flavonolignans, collectively referred to as silymarin. Sometimes the extract itself is called “silymarin”, which can lead to confusion over dosage since the level of flavonolignans (silymarin) in the extract is typically 60 to 80%, depending on the test methodology used. The main flavonolignans found in the extract are silybin (silibin), silychristin, silydiani...