In this paper, simulation of fire in a short 2-lane road tunnel and its evacuation are described. Two traffic situations in the tunnel and their impact on people evacuation in fire conditions are analyzed. For simulation of the tunnel fire, the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) system, version 5.5.3 based on advanced CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) fire model is used. The evacuation of people in...

In this paper, the use of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and its evacuation module, Evac for modelling fire and people evacuation in a road tunnel is illustrated. For given fire scenario and traffic situation in the tunnel, behaviour of individual evacuees as well as groups of evacuees is analyzed in order to demonstrate the impact of fire on people evacuation. Some specific features of the use ...

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating life safety risks in road tunnel fires. The methodology considers three realistic fire scenarios, smoke spread, occupant evacuation, and reliability of fire suppression systems. The three fire scenarios represent three variations of fire growth rates. The road tunnel in this study is assumed to have two traffic tubes, a longitudinal ventilation s...

In the New Qidaoliang Tunnel (China), a rear-end collision of two tanker trunks caused a fire. To understand the damage characteristics of the tunnel lining structure, in situ investigation was performed. The results show that the fire in the tunnel induced spallation of tunnel lining concrete covering 856 m³; the length of road surface damage reached 650 m; the sectional area had a maximum 4% ...

In this paper, the impact of vehicles in road tunnel on smoke spread in case of fire is illustrated using the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) system. FDS is a CFD-based fire field model capable to simulate fire in various environments capturing a big variety of physical processes related to fire. A set of simulations of fire in a 300 m long two-lane single directional road tunnel with longitudina...

Two important tunnel safety technologies are addressed. The majority of long road tunnels have ventilation systems. In the event of a fire in a tunnel, such systems will influence fire development in a number of different ways. Recent research and observations on these influences are presented. The effects discussed are critical ventilation velocity for smoke control and the influence of ventil...

Model scale fire tests using wood cribs of different porosity in a ventilated tunnel are presented. The study focuses on the effect of air velocity on maximum Heat Release Rate (HRR) and fire growth rate. To study the influence of different parameters, free burn tests and fire tests inside a model-scale tunnel were performed. The tunnel was 10 m long, the widths used were 0.3 m, 0.45 m, and 0.6...

Fire safety is considered as one of the major objectives in design, construction and specially tunnel operation. The hot and toxic smoke propagation is a fundamental reason of human losses during a fire inside the tunnels. Therefore, an exact analytical investigation on the probable fire scenarios and its destructive effects for passengers, vehicles and structure are the main part of the tunnel...

This report documents a study undertaken to estimate the thermal environment of theHoward Street Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, following the derailment in July 2001 of afreight train and the burning of spilled tripropylene and the contents of surrounding rail cars. Anumerical fire model developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)has been used to simul...