according to the iranian law, the international conventions should be passed by iranian parliament (majlis) and then confirmed by the guardian council for ensuring that they are constitutional and in conformity with islamic rules. the montreal convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air is a significant advance over the warsaw system. in this article, we ...

In Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, the U.S. Supreme Court clarified standards for establishing specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant in federal court. The rejected previous interpretations of that required causal connection between defendant’s forum contacts and plaintiff’s alleged facts. This reorientation has had ripple effect on inquiries state...

An ecosystem-based forward-looking vision for the global ocean, encompassing ocean health and productivity, ecosystem integrity resilience, incorporating area beyond national jurisdiction, is fundamental. A which holistic universally acceptable to guide future sustainable policies, plans programmes (PPPs). We argue that Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) best available framework develop s...

Expansion of business onto the Internet crosses national borders and creates uncertainty as to the propriety of jurisdiction by the courts of nations and their internal political units. Analysis of jurisdiction in United States law reveals that traditional rules provide guidance for resolving the question of constitutional jurisdiction in cases that cross geopolitical lines.

This paper examines the validity of the “folk” intuition that endogenous formation of jurisdictions is likely to create stratification of households according to their wealth. More specifically, we examine a simple model of jurisdiction formation, close in spirit to that of Whestoff ([27]), in which a continuum of unequally wealthy households endowed with the same preferences for one public goo...

This article analyzes whether the technical characteristics of the Internet should create a separate legal jurisdiction, and if a separate jurisdiction would be beneficial to the Internet. Jurisdiction is a legal term for the limitation on the ability of a court to determine disputes. Generally, a nation state's jurisdiction only extends to individuals who reside within the country or to the tr...

This paper analyzes the effect of inter-jurisdictional spillovers and congestion of local public services on the segregative properties of endogenous formation of jurisdictions. Households choosing to live at the same place form a jurisdiction, the aim of which is to produce congested local public services, resulting in generate positive spillovers to other jurisdictions. In every jurisdiction,...