background: there is little information about the prevalence and risk factors for neisseria gonorrhoeae in iran. the pur pose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of gonococcal infection in women in babol, north of iran. methods: five hundred- fifty married women, who were younger than 45 years, were assessed of aspects of hidden and obvi ous gonococcal infection. a sa...

mycoplasmas hominis, mycoplasmas genitalium and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with infections of the genitourinary tract, reproductive failure, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. a multiplex pcr was developed for simultaneously detection of these mycoplasmas species in a single amplification reaction. the total number of 104 samples was collected from 104 women’s genital specimens wi...

conclusions there was a strong relation between the presence of the studied m. hominis and u. urealyticum with urogenital infection in the females under study in comparison with those of control groups. the studied mollicutes were highly associated with habitual abortion in symptomatic females. the multiplex pcr was developed for simultaneous, early, and easy detection of these potential pathog...

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) which involves alteration of the female genitalia for non-medical grounds is prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, associated with long-term genitourinary complications, and possible HIV transmission. This mini-review aims to examine FGM and the possibility of HIV transmission through this procedure. We performed an electronic search using Medline for articles publish...

Disorders of sexual development (DSD) encompass a broad spectrum of urogenital malformations and are amongst the most common congenital birth defects. Although key genetic factors such as the hedgehog (Hh) family have been identified, a unifying postnatally viable model displaying the spectrum of male and female urogenital malformations has not yet been reported. Since human cases are diagnosed...

Mycoplasmas hominis, Mycoplasmas genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with infections of the genitourinary tract, reproductive failure, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. A multiplex PCR was developed for simultaneously detection of these Mycoplasmas species in a single amplification reaction. The total number of 104 samples was collected from 104 women’s genital specimens wi...

This paper will cover the diseases of the urogenital system of reptiles. It is not a comprehensive review. More in-depth disease descriptions can be found in the articles, website, and reference books listed in the literature cited. The paper is divided by etiologic disease categories involving the urogenital system. A short discussion of the disease conditions is found in each section. For the...